Electronic Diplomacy from the Perspective of the Main Theories in International Relations

Authors

  • Prof. Dr. Dana Ali Saleh Al-Barzanji Sulaymaniyah University /College of Political Science
  • Lecture. Aryan Raouf Aziz Garmian University / Department of Law

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31272/ipj.i56.268

Keywords:

Electronic Diplomacy, Foreign Policy, Realism, Liberalism, Constructivism

Abstract

This research deals with an important and recent topic that has not yet received proper theoretical attention, and here lies its importance which is electronic diplomacy in the perspective of the main theories of international relations, especially realism, liberalism, and constructivism, in order to inform researchers and decision-makers on how to address this new topic in these theories.

 The problem here lies in the question, to what extent are these theories interested in electronic diplomacy? How do we find theoretical approaches to it? By following the descriptive and comparative approach, the research attempted to branch out from the validity of its hypothesis, which says: Despite the fact that realism is not interested in electronic diplomacy, there are intellectual approaches in my liberal and constructivist theories to theorize the importance of electronic diplomacy and its role in global relations. The research reached a major conclusion that despite neglecting the realism of electronic diplomacy, my liberal and constructivist theories have intellectual approaches to explain the role of electronic diplomacy, which is based on a complex relationship between public diplomacy, soft power, and identity, and thus the research proved the validity of its hypothesis.

References

المصادر باللغة العربية:

ألكسندر ونت .٢٠٠٦. النظرية الاجتماعية للسياسة الدولية، ترجمة: د.عبد الله جبر صالح العتيبي، الرياض: النشر العلمي والمطابع- جامعة الملك سعود، - السعودية.

بليس، جون وبرايان وايت. (٢٠٠٤). عولمة السياسة العالمية، الامارات: مركز الخليج للأبحاث.

فرج، أنور محمد.٢٠٠٧. نظرية الواقعية في العلاقات الدولية، دراسة نقدية في ضوء النظريات المعاصرة، السليمانية: مركز كردستان للدراسات الاستراتيجية.

مورجنتاو، هانز. بلا، السياسة بين الأمم: الصراع من أجل السلطان والسلام، ترجمة د.خيري حماد، العتيبي. القاهرة: الدار القومية للطباعة والنشر.

ناي، جوزيف. ٢٠٠٧. القوة الناعمة وسيلة نجاح في السياسة الدولية، الترجمة د. محمد توفيق البجيرمي، السعودية: العبيكان للنشر.

المصادر باللغة الانكليزية

Flockhart, Trine. 2017. "Constructivism and foreign policy" In Foreign Policy: Theories, Actors, Cases, edited by Steve Smith, Amelia Hadfield, and Tim Dunne, 79-93, Oxford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/hepl/9780198708902.003.0004

Nimri, Wafa. 2019. "Configuring Digital Diplomacy within IR theory" " March 2019, https://www.academia.edu/9929563/Configuring_Digital_Diplomacy_within_IR_theory_A_Jordanian_Perspective

Hedling, Elsaand Niklas Bremberg. 2021. Practice approaches to the digital transformations of diplomacy: toward a new research agenda. International Studies Review, Vol.23. No. 4, 1595-1618.‏ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/isr/viab027

Nye, Joseph. 2008. Public Diplomacy and Soft Power, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 616, (March), 94-109. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716207311699

Grech ,Olesya. 2006. Virtual Diplomacy: Diplomacy of the Digital Age. Master degree University of Malta.

Gilbo, Eytan. 2008. Searching for a Theory of Public Diplomacy, SAGE Journals, Volume 616, Issue 1,( March ), 55-77. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716207312142

Kos-Stanisic, Lidija and Viktorija Car, The Use of Soft Power in Digital Public Diplomacy: The Cases of Brazil and India in the EU, Croatian Political Science Review, Vol. 58, No. 2, 113-140. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20901/pm.58.2.05

Wendt, Alexander. 1992. Anarchy is what states make of it: the social construction of power politics. International organization, Vol.46, No.2, 391-425. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818300027764

Rathbun ,Brian .2014. Diplomacy’s Value: Creating Security in 1920s Europe and the Contemporary Middle East: Cornell University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9780801453182.001.0001

Bjola.Corneliu.2013." Understanding Enmity and Friendship in World Politics: The Case for a Diplomatic Approach." Hague Journal of Diplomacy 8, no.1 (January) :1-20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/1871191X-12341242

Holmes, Marcus. 2015. "Digital Diplomacy and International Change Management" In Digital Diplomacy: Theory and practice, edited by Corneliu Bjola and Marcus Holmes, 15-32. Routledge

Der Derian, James.(1987)"Mediating estrangement: a theory for diplomacy." Review of International Studies 13, no.2 (April): 91-110. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0260210500113671

Bohman, Clara Knäpper. (2019)Digital Diplomacy Social Media Platforms as Instruments for implementing Foreign Policy, Diplomatische Akademie Wien.

Vranjes, Aleksandar, Zeljko Budimir, International political communication and influence of information and communication technologies on contemporary international relations, Politia 2017, VoL 7 NO (13) , P128-129. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5937/pol1713128V

Eriksson, Johan & Newlove-Eriksson Lindy, 2021" Theorizing Technology and International Relations: Prevailing Perspectives and New Horizons" in Technology and International Relations: The New Horizon in Global Power, edited by Giampiero Giacomello, Francesco N. Moro, and Marco Valigi, 3-22, Edward Elgar Publishing . DOI: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781788976077.00007

Banepali,Rajendra Man, Subarna Shakya and Gajendra Sharma, Preventive Digital Diplomacy in International Relations in Future, International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing (IJCSMC), Vol. 7, Issue. 3, March 2018, p14-19.

Choucri, Nazli, and Gaurav Agarwal. (2016). The Theory of Lateral Pressure Highlights of Quantification & Empirical Analysis, SSRN DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2859712

Carpenter, Charli and Daniel W. Drezner (2010). International Relations 2.0: The implications of new media for an old profession. International Studies Perspectives, VoL 11 NO (3), 255-272 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-3585.2010.00407.x

Umińska-Woroniecka, Anna. 2016. Cultural Diplomacy in International Relations Cultural diplomacy, Actual problems of international relations. VoL 127 NO (ІІ). 2016, p7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17721/apmv.2016.127.2.4-19

Mearsheimer, John J.1990. Back to the Future: Instability in Europe After the Cold War, International Security, Vol. 15, No. (1), 5-56. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2538981

Jansen Rob.2014. Social Network Theory in International Relations Research, A literature review, Tilburg University.

Wiseman, Geoffrey. 2011. Distinctive characteristics of American diplomacy. The Hague Journal of Diplomacy, 6(3-4), 235-259.‏ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/187119111X596082

Aliyev, Anar. and Ashifa, K M. 2021. Political Influence Tools in Iran Foreign Policy: Diplomacy and Propaganda. natural volatiles and essential oils ( NVEO), Vol. 8, No. (5), 9742-9746

Krause, Joachim.2018. Strategic Survey 2018: The Annual Assessment of Geopolitics, SIRIUS – Zeitschrift für Strategische Analysen IISS, Vol. 3, No. (1), 101-108. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/sirius-2019-1026

Barrinha, André & Thomas Renard. 2020. Power and diplomacy in the post-liberal cyberspace, International Affairs, Vol. 96, No. 3, (May), 749-766. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiz274

Anthony S. Deos, Digital Diplomacy & Social Capital, Analysing Relational Components of Trust in US & Israeli Online Social Networks, (Thesis, Doctor of Philosophy) , University of Otago, 2015, Pp 71-72.

Deos, Anthony. 2015. "Digital Diplomacy & Social Capital: Analysing Relational Components of Trust in US & Israeli Online Social Networks." PhD diss., University of Otago.‏

Fritsch, Stefan .2014. Conceptualizing the ambivalent role of technology in international relations: Between systemic change and continuity. The Global Politics of Science and Technology,Vol. 1,115-138 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-55007-2_6

Eriksson, Johan and Giampiero Giacomello. 2007. Introduction: Closing the gap between international relations theory and studies of digital-age security. In International Relations and Security in the Digital Age, edited by Johan Eriksson and Giampiero Giacomello, 21-48. Routledge DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203964736-8

Gosling, Jess. 2021. Maximising Soft Power: the Role of Digital Diplomacy in Building Trust with Nation-branding.‏ Global Affairs Review, Vol. 1, No. 2, (Spring/Summer)1-18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.51330/gar.0020212

Richard, Haass. 2017. World order 2.0: The case for sovereign obligation. Foreign Aff.96, 2.‏

Auda ,Zaman Majed and Sameer Jasam Radhi. "Artificial Intelligence and Evolution of the Global System." IPRI Journal,vol. XXII, No.1, 2022,p 91-109

Moravcsik, Andrew. 1992. Liberalism and international relations theory. Cambridge, MA: Center for International Affairs, Harvard University.‏

Shraiman, Bella. 2014. " Social Media and IR: Reconsidering Liberalism." Jan 16, 2014, https://www.mironline.ca/social-media-and-ir-reconsidering-liberalism.

Duncombe, Constance. 2019. Digital diplomacy: Emotion and identity in the public realm. The Hague Journal of Diplomacy, vol.14, No. (1-2), 102-116. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/1871191X-14101016

Sarah Ellen Graham, Emotion and Public Diplomacy: Dispositions in International Communications, Dialogue, and Persuasion, University of Western Sydney, International Studies Review (2014) 16, 522–539.

Graham, Sara. 2014. Emotion and public diplomacy: Dispositions in international communications, dialogue, and persuasion. International Studies Review, vol 16, No.4, 522-539. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/misr.12156

Additional Files

Published

2023-09-01

How to Cite

Al-Barzanji , P. D. D. A. S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., & Aziz, L. A. R. . (2023). Electronic Diplomacy from the Perspective of the Main Theories in International Relations. The International and Political Journal, (56), 175–206. https://doi.org/10.31272/ipj.i56.268