The International and Political Journal

Prof.Dr Nadhim nawaf Ibrahim — 2024-09-21

The individual as organic object from and becomes a social organic being through society and its prevailing culture . hence the individual is born and grows in the society according to a given culture system that learned by the individuals through their, knowledge of the values and behavior , trends and roles which expected from them to achieve the demands of the individual from ,the society and the demands of society from the individual and this comes through the role of political-socialization and its political institutions responsible for it and this requires the following : preparing a citizen with positive qualities and a believer in freedom of opinion and respect for each of the . deployment and consolidation of tolerance and multicultural values . learning positive attitudes and values . developing education curricula positivity . establishing media and partisan institutions and civilized targeted civil society organizations.

The International and Political Journal

Prof Dr. Ibtsam Hataam Alwan — 2024-09-21

The Middle East region is one of the most important regions in the world and has the most resources and wealth. This geopolitical position that the Middle East region enjoys has made it a region of ambitions and desires for many great powers. Since human history, this region has witnessed many invasions and colonization for many years, and it was and still is a subject of ambitions for countries. Great, as after the end of the Cold War between the United States of America and the Soviet Union, a unipolar system emerged. In this system, a single power dominates the world, which is the United States of America, while Russia emerged as the heir to the Soviet Union, as the United States of America seeks to strengthen its presence in many regions of the world, especially in The Middle East is due to the geographical, economic and strategic importance of the Middle East to any international power seeking to control the world, while Russia seeks to revive Soviet influence in the Middle East region, specifically in the Fertile Crescent region (Syria - Iraq). This explains the intensification of Russian-American competition in the Middle East region .

The International and Political Journal

prof. Israa Ahmad Jead — 2024-09-21

The family plays an important role in shaping an individual’s personality, and the basis for building a cohesive society is building the family, which is considered the basic building block for building a strong society. If the family is reformed, society is reformed, and the latter is the sum of these families. As long as the ties between these families are strong, cohesive, harmonious and understanding, we will have a strong and solid society and nation. Here, the family and its members must be protected, and that domestic violence is not limited to the woman or the wife, but rather extends to all individuals, and that the spread of manifestations of violence directed against women in the family It negatively affected society.

The International and Political Journal

Assistant.prof Ibrahim Harbi Ibrahim — 2024-09-21

ccording to official sources, Iraq has been witnessing, for years, an unprecedented outbreak of drug abuse in various regions of the country, after it was previously just a crossing point for it, but it has now turned into a drug-consuming country, especially “narcotic medical drugs that are now sold on the sidewalks, where they have a strong demand for consumption.” It seems that Iraq has joined the ranks of countries that suffer from drugs and are facing this new serious challenge in society, especially the youth and both genders. Many parties are secretly promoting narcotic substances that are foreign to Iraqi society, most notably hashish and crystal, which has led to the spread of cases of addiction. Especially among teenagers. Especially in the central and southern regions, this hampers any efforts for sustainable development in Iraqi society.

The International and Political Journal

Assistant prof Dr. Iqbal Abdullah Ameen — 2024-09-21

Iraq has adopted a parliamentary representative system of government, and one of the most prominent features of this system is the necessity of having three authorities in the state that work alongside some and under the weight of all circumstances and times, which are the legislative, executive and judicial authority, and that each of these authorities is independent in performing its work with cooperation and balance between the authorities According to the democratic system, those powers reach power through elections by the people, especially the legislative authority that exercises power in the name of the people and on their behalf, and to prevent the tyranny of that authority that represents the people, it does not continue in power permanently, but the constitution has specified a specific period for it to exercise Its tasks are under the supervision of its authority, and it is elected by the people. After the end of the period specified for the legislative authority to perform its duties, the choice is left to the people to re-elect them when their performance is distinguished, or others are elected upon failure to perform their duties and in this research we will know whether the term of the parliament’s term is sufficient to perform its work and what are the cases that terminate the parliament’s work before The end of its specified term, or the extension of the council’s work.

The International and Political Journal

Assistant Prof. Dr. Saad Hamid Ibrahim — 2024-09-21

In light of recent events and the developments witnessed by the Palestinian issue, it is imperative for us to study the Zionist society and know its formations and the foundations on which this society was created, The Zionist society was created in a very different way from other societies, as it consists of the diaspora of Jews present in the world, and this is what distinguishes it from other countries.

Accordingly, this aims to study the emergence and formation of this society, as well as to study the foundations on which this society was founded , This is in three sections, the first is entitled The Nature of Israeli Society, the second is entitled The Social Structure in Israel, and the third is the intellectual foundations for the emergence of Israeli society.

Keywords: intellectual foundations, political foundations, upbringing and formation, Israeli society.

The International and Political Journal

Assistant lecturer Dr. Abbas Hashem Aziz — 2024-09-21

China is seeking to secure energy sources to support its rapid economic growth. Since the invasion of Iraq in 2003, China has intensified its efforts to achieve this goal in the Arab region, adopting a strategy based on a soft power policy, drawing on the ancient and modern historical link of the Silk Road. This strategy seeks to enhance communication and cooperation with Arab countries.

Chinese relations with Arab countries have witnessed significant development since 2003. China established the Arab-Chinese Cooperation Forum in 2004, and issued its first Arab policy paper in 2016, which included three main pillars of cooperation between China and Arab countries, namely, energy, followed by the second pillar. The essential basis for cooperation with Arab countries, as they seek to secure oil and gas supplies from the region. With its focus on cooperation in the field of infrastructure as a second pillar, including transportation, energy and communications projects, as well as the third pillar, which is its pursuit of cooperation in the field of technology, including nuclear energy, satellites and new energy sources.

As a result of these efforts, China was able to enhance its influence in the oil and gas sector in the Arab region. In Iraq, Chinese companies obtained contracts to exploit important oil fields, such as Al-Ahdab, Aqaba, Nasiriyah, and Al-Masila. China has also become the largest importer of Iraqi oil, and Chinese companies have also participated in infrastructure, energy and communications reconstruction projects in Iraq, which enhances economic cooperation and sustainable development in the region. In this way, China is demonstrating its comprehensive and integrated strategy in the region, focusing on economic and energy cooperation to ensure the sustainability of its economic growth.

The International and Political Journal

Assistant prof.Dr Faisal Shalal Abbas — 2024-09-21

During the era of President Erdogan, Turkish-Qatari relations witnessed great development and reached the level of a strategic alliance, especially during recent years. The development of these relations was helped by a number of factors and determinants, the most important of which is the national interest factor. Both countries have certain considerations that prompted them to strengthen the alliance and strategic partnership with the other country, as well as About the personal relations that bind the leaderships of the two countries. The identical positions of both Turkey and Qatar towards the Palestinian issue and the events of the “Arab Spring” from Tunisia to Egypt and through Syria, Libya and Yemen, in addition to the Turkish position in support of Qatar during the Gulf crisis in 2017, constituted a new impetus for the development of Turkish relations. - Qatar Airways, and it is expected that the bilateral relations between the two countries will continue and develop in the future, due to many considerations, the most important of which is the stability of the ruling regime in both Turkey and Qatar, and the path of calm and reconciliations that the region has witnessed recently.

The International and Political Journal

Lecturer .Dr.Zaman Majed Auda — 2024-09-21

The Russian-Ukrainian conflict has had repercussions on the global economy in general and on the energy sector in particular. The conflict was seen as a real threat to energy security and international markets, especially after the imposition of economic sanctions and the embargo on Russian energy supplies. Which led to a sharp rise in energy prices, disruptions in supply and demand, disruption of supply chains, and then to a decline in the global growth rate, a decrease in global gross product and per capita national income, a decline in the value of hard currencies for some countries, an increase in economic inflation rates, and the cessation of many energy-dependent economic sectors in most countries of the world.

The International and Political Journal

Lecturer.Dr. Ali Mohammed Amneef Al-Rufaie — 2024-09-21

Despite what has been said and said that the status of the Middle East has declined in American accounts in light of international changes. However, whatever is said in this regard, the region is still and will remain a region of conflict and influence that enjoys a great deal of strategic importance in the American strategic perception. Therefore, the proposal of the new regionalism project in the Middle East is now based on the ruins of political, economic, and cultural-civilizational strategic variables that the American strategy has been keen to absorb. The fixed ones. In light of the rise of China, which began to pose a real challenge to the United States of America and its dominance on the international scene, and then the Russian-Ukrainian war, which began to expand and threaten to use nuclear weapons, the Israeli war on Gaza after the events of October 7 The entry of Iran and Hezbollah into Lebanon in this war took a decade and brought the Middle East back to the forefront again.

The International and Political Journal

Lecturer Dr.Khaled Rashid Mahmoud — 2024-09-21

Financial crises have not been subject to study and scrutiny except as a process or condition that the economy is going through, as a cycle of instability, or as an indicator of the economy's unhealthy condition. As for it being a decisive factor in making and implementing the foreign policies of the countries that fall under its influence at all levels, it has not been the focus of attention of researchers in foreign policy affairs. This study attempts to shed light on the impact of financial crises on building foreign policy strategies. The global financial crisis of 2007-2008 provided us with an ideal model for applying the study’s hypothesis, which indicates the close relationship between financial crises and the policies that countries follow in implementing their strategies (United States of America in the eras of George W. Bush and Barack Obama: a model). Studying the impact of the global financial crisis on the American strategy is important, because it explains to us how the influence process takes place, how the American decision-maker faced the crisis and how it was reflected in the tools and means he used in implementing his strategy. Based on the above, the study discussed the impact that the global financial crisis had on the American economy and the change that occurred in this strategy between the era of former President George W. Bush from 2001-2009, and President Barack Obama from 2009-2013, and reached the most prominent results: that financial crises force the decision maker Based on the least expensive means for implementing various types of internal and foreign policies, and this is what appeared in the context of American behavior before and after the crisis.

The International and Political Journal

dr meaad abdul razzak — 2024-09-21

China's increased interest in the African continent is due to several reasons and factors, the most important of which is its increasing strategic importance, securing China's needs for primary raw materials and natural resources needed to support its economy, making the Belt and Road Initiative a success, and achieving maritime security to preserve its growing strategic interests in the world, to enhance bilateral cooperation, and to dispel concerns. Africa is out of the trap of China’s debts and ambitions. A report by the American Center for Global Development in New York stated that China’s continued lending to developing African countries, under the pretext of helping them build large infrastructure projects, which have frightening and destabilizing financial results, which prompted analysts to warn small countries. Which borrows more from China than it can repay. This is matched by the strategic opportunities that open up to China as a result. Eight countries out of the 68 countries that participated in the Belt and Road Initiative have fallen into the trap of debt interest on these projects, facing unsustainable levels of debt, including Pakistan and the Maldives. It is also expected that Djibouti hands over some of its assets to China to pay off its debts amounting to (88%) of its gross domestic product, which amounts to (1.72) billion dollars. The multi-purpose port of Doraleh in Djibouti is among China's giant projects that Djibouti was enthusiastic about and contracted with Beijing. China's goal behind it was to revive and expand the ancient Chinese Silk Road for trade as the most important pillar of its foreign policy since the year (2013), so that Chinese influence can be gained through it. Of soft and firm stretch.

The International and Political Journal

Assistant lecturer Najha Thamar Ali — 2024-09-21

In 2014, the world witnessed a Ukrainian war, the main reason for which was fraud in the Ukrainian elections, carried out by President Leonid Kuchma in order to put his candidate, Viktor Yushchenko, who is loyal to the Russian Federation, to the presidency in Ukraine, to announce his victory over the opposition candidate, Viktor Yushchenko, who was supported by the Russian Federation. From the West, which led to the anger of the opposition, which called for demonstrations. These events developed into a popular revolution against the regime supported by Russia, replacing it with a regime loyal to the West, which prompted Russia to annex the island of Crimea to it through military intervention.
These events had a clear impact on international positions, especially the position of France and Germany, which was the subject of our research, as the strategic visions of the two countries were united to stop the Russian tide in order to preserve their strategic interests in Ukraine, which was represented by the efforts of France and Germany to resolve the crisis. However, the situation in Crimea and eastern... Ukraine remained tense and unstable. Russia considers Crimea part of its territory, and does not recognize the legitimacy of the Ukrainian government. It also supports rebels in eastern Ukraine with weapons and supplies. As for Ukraine, it considers Crimea part of its sovereignty, and is fighting rebels in eastern Ukraine with the support of the West. Also, relations between Russia and the West have deteriorated sharply due to the crisis since then.

The International and Political Journal

Dr.Azza Muhammad Musa Muhammad — 2024-09-21

The National Umma Party (NUP) is a political party founded in Sudan in 1943. It has played a prominent role in Sudanese political life over the decades. During the independence period, the party played a major role in shaping Sudanese politics and guiding the country towards democracy and economic development.

The party has undergone several transformations and developments over the years, and it has played a significant role in many political events in Sudan. The party adopts an Islamic approach and seeks to achieve social justice and comprehensive development for the country. It is important to note that the political role of any party can be influenced by multiple factors such as political, social, and economic conditions in the country. This chapter will discuss the founding of the party, highlight its prominent figures, and also explore its role in the study period

The International and Political Journal

Assistant lecturer Iman Abbas Mutlaq Al-Rubaie — 2024-09-21

The Russian-Ukrainian, or rather Russian-Western, confrontation is one of the chapters of the confrontation extending since the fall of the Soviet Union at the beginning of the nineties of the twentieth century, when most of the independent republics of the Soviet Union that belonged to the Eastern Bloc during the Cold War became part of the conflict. Most of those republics began to join the Western camp. Whether by joining the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) or joining the European Union and the European free market for economic purposes, as for the situation in Ukraine, Russia has always considered that Ukraine cannot, in any way, join NATO, as Ukraine represents the cornerstone. For Russian defenses, it is also considered the dividing wall between the Russian Federation and Eastern Europe, and 80% of Russian gas passed through Ukrainian territory.

The International and Political Journal

Assistant lecturer Sameer Mahmood Jasim — 2024-09-21

The Federal House of Representatives (Bundestag) or the so-called lower house, which is theoretically the central governing body in Germany. Its members are elected by universal and direct suffrage. The Council is elected for a period of four years, and the Council’s term ends as soon as the new parliament, the Council of States (Bundesrat), meets. Or what is called the Supreme Council, which consists of members of the state governments, which decides which members to send to the Bundesrat, meaning that the members of the Council are not elected (it is a permanent body that changes with elections in the states).

But before that, we must talk about the party and electoral system, which is the main funder of the legislative authority. Electoral systems differ from one system to another, but their impact on political life, especially the party system, remains strong in all systems, in terms of the form of the electoral system, its procedures, the extent of representation, and the values of political pluralism. and social.

The International and Political Journal

Assistant lecturer Shahd Adel Sobhi — 2024-09-21

In the midst of the developments that Iraq and Turkey witnessed at the beginning of the twenty-first century in light of the unipolarity represented by American hegemony, and the consequences of economic globalization, Turkey aspires to become a leading economic and political power in the region, with a pivotal role, thanks to the capabilities it possesses. Economic, industrial and technical, and their natural and geographical characteristics and conditions. At a time when the Turkish economy, which continued to face many economic crises over the past century, was able to, However, he was able, through economic reform policies and choosing appropriate strategic approaches, to overcome his conditions at that time, and began moving towards economic advancement, until the Turkish economy became one of the largest (20) economies in the world, by achieving reliable growth rates and increasing the competitive capabilities of Turkish goods in the markets. Globally, and its average per capita income is high compared to neighboring countries.

The International and Political Journal

Assistant lecturer Shahd Amer Kazar Habib — 2024-09-21

Constitutional jurisprudence agrees that merely stipulating the supremacy of the Constitution has no value in reality unless it is surrounded by strong guarantees that work to strengthen it and prevent any possible violation of its provisions or invalidate it and remove its effects. Thus, judicial oversight is considered one of the effective and important means of guaranteeing the rights of individuals and their public freedoms, as it is first Iraqi legislation judges a supervisory authority, so this research sought to explain the concept of judicial oversight, its forms, and the applications of that oversight in the law of administration of the Iraqi state for the transitional period and in the 2005 constitution.

The International and Political Journal

Assistant lecturer Abdullah Emad Fadel — 2024-09-21

The issue of diversity in society and its effects is one of the controversial topics and the focus of interest of many researchers, especially since the last decade of the twentieth century, as many countries that enjoy social diversity seek to manage the racial, ethnic, linguistic, religious or sectarian diversity in their societies, in order to ensure Achieving social justice and finding pillars of stability in their countries by consolidating the values of acceptance and diversity, which represents one of the features of contemporary societies.

Managing diversity and carrying out the tasks of creating social and human rules and commonalities are among the priorities of governments and authorities in many countries seeking to reduce social differences and create the foundations and rules for peaceful coexistence, security, political participation and true representation by providing the rules of individual and political rights and freedoms and ensuring the perpetuation of these rights through legislation and constitutional and international laws for these communities.

The international community, represented by the United Nations and international organizations concerned with human rights, has sought to ensure the provision of rights for these societies by establishing the concept of acceptance of minorities and societal groups and support through United Nations programs and charters for all measures that would create formulas and pillars for peaceful coexistence and the consolidation of security values by supporting the orientations that It is carried out by states in various societies in this regard.

The International and Political Journal

Ghufran Abdul Karim Tawfiq — 2024-09-21

The Japanese experience is considered a unique experience of its kind. It was and still Is the focus of admiration for the whole world, and by virtue of the federal nature of this experience and its status, it enjoys multiple strengths, as Japan has become in second place in the world economically after the United States of America. The technological revolution has been embodied in all fields, and Japan has become a superpower among the eight major countries in the world.

The International and Political Journal

2024-09-21

Since the election is the most important pillar of democracy, there is a set of constitutional and legal guarantees that should be dedicated, and respected for the success of the electoral process, and since civil society is one of the active parties in the state, and plays different roles as a link between citizens and the ruling authority, the Iraqi Constitution of 2005 stipulates in Article 45 / first that: (The state is keen to strengthen the role of civil society institutions, support, development and independence, in line with the sound means to achieve their legitimate goals, and this is regulated by law)... Where civil society organizations have been dealt with through the legislation of the Non-Governmental Organizations Law No. (12) of 2010, which is the law that grants NGOs the legitimacy of their existence and the legitimacy of their work, and perhaps one of the important roles entrusted to civil society is to monitor the electoral process in all its various stages, starting from the registration and registration process and ending with the process of announcing results and appeals, so the success of any work cannot be guaranteed without a successful monitoring process, as civil society organizations work to follow up the electoral process. And observe and direct them and detect the deviations that they experience to correct them so that

The International and Political Journal

Assistant lecturer Masara Ali Rashak — 2024-09-21

The amazigh language become an official language, after the arabian language in Our country. It includes within the educational programs, then the amazigh language considers as an important politics to confirm its existence and to Complete the national identity, this policy has many and different goals.We will concentrate on the cultural goal and its rule to complete the national identity from another side.

The International and Political Journal

Khalid hameed Eesa — 2024-06-10

This research deals with clarifying the areas of political reform, as the research touched on a number of areas of political reform for any political system, especially the model of democratic governance that is currently promoted and emphasized. In the first section, it dealt with the official fields, including the field of constitutional and legal reform, the field of institutional reform, and opening the field either other political freedom. The second section dealt with the fields of semi-official institutions, including the family, educational institutions, and civil society institutions. Finally, the conclusion included the most important conclusions reached by the research.

The International and Political Journal

Prof. Dr. Ammar Saadoon Salman Albadry — 2024-06-10

This paper has Prepared by Anthony Giddens for the Conference: “11th Annual Global Development”, California: Stanford University, 15-18 April, 1990. Revised July 17, 1990. Anthony Giddens, Baron Giddens (born 8 January 1938) is a British sociologist who is known for his theory of structuration and his holistic view of modern societies. He is considered to be one of the most prominent modern contributors in the field of sociology; he concerns modernity, globalization and politics, especially the impact of modernity on social and personal life. Giddens's ambition is both to recast social theory and to re-examine our understanding of the development and trajectory of modernity.