The Gulf-Israeli normalization, Causes and Results
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31272/ipj.i56.258Keywords:
‘Israel’, the Gulf countries, Normalization, the United States, the Palestinian CauseAbstract
For several decades, the Arab region has witnessed Western pressure to normalize Arab-Israeli relations. These pressures come in the context of the Western commitment to support Israel and led to the launch of the settlement process with Egypt in 1978, then the Palestinian Authority and Jordan in 1993 and 1994. However, the path did not produce many processes of reintegrating ‘Israel’ into the Arab region. After the American occupation of Iraq in 2003, most Arab countries found themselves facing internal and regional pressure to accept American offers for normalization with Israel.
The so-called ‘Deal of the Century’ 2018-2020 is the largest step through which the United States sought to integrate ‘Israel’ into the region. This deal was marketed under the title of the existence of common regional threats that require normalization and cooperation, and it resulted in the accepting of four Arab countries: the Emirates, Bahrain, Sudan, and Morocco.
This normalization process may lead to one of the following possibilities:
- Ending the existence of the Palestinian issue and accelerating the emergence of ‘Israel’ as a state integrated into the Arab regional system.
- The failure of the process of integrating “Israel” into the region and the re-emergence of the Arab-Israeli conflict.
- The continuation of the Palestinian issue for a longer period due to the complications associated with it.
The last option is the most likely, despite the ongoing political and media obfuscation attempts on the Palestinian issue in the short run.
References
(cnn) العربية, . 2022. ناتو شرق أوسطي.. بين ما تريده إسرائيل والمزاج السائد في دول الخليج تجاه إيران. تقرير، أبوظبي: الشرق الأوسط البريدية من CNN. https://arabic.cnn.com/middle-east/article/2022/07/18/biden-saudi-iran-mime.
ابوالقرايا, بشير سعيد. 2014. "توجهات دول مجلس التعاون الخليجي تجاه القضية الفلسطينية." مجلة اراء حول الخليج (مركز الخليج للابحاث) ( العدد 172): ص58.
ارقام. 2022. الولايات المتحدة تكشف عن حجم حيازة السعودية من سندات الخزانة للمرة الأولى. 11 تموز . https://www.argaam.com/ar/article/articledetail/id/426837.
اطلس. 2022. زيارة بايدن: غياب فلسطين وتعزيز دمج إسرائيل في الإقليم . تقرير ، مركز أطلس للدراسات الإسرائيلية. https://atls.ps/post/18319?
الامين, مصطفى عثمان. 2021. "التحولات في العلاقات العربية الاسرائيلية 2002- 2021." مجلة دراسات شرق اوسطية (مركز دراسات الشرق الأوسط ) ( العدد 97 ): ص41.
الاونراو. 2022. السكان في فلسطين . تقرير، 15: تموز.
الجبالي, عمر. 2021. التطبيع المغربي الاسرائيلي 2020. المجلد العدد 95. عمان: مركز دراسات الشرق الأوسط.
الجبوري, محمد أحمد خلف. 2020. موقف الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية من الانقسام الفلسطيني وتأثيره على القضية الفلسطينية . عمان: دار غيداء للطباعة والنشر والتوزيع.
الرميحي, محمد. 2019 . "اربع مخاطر تحيط بدول الخليج وتغير هيكلي في الموقف الأمريكي قائم على قاعدتين ." مجلة اراء حول الخليج (مركز الخليج للابحاث) ص62.
العربية (CNN). 2016. بعد مطالبة السعودية بـ"دفع أتعاب الدفاع" لأمريكا.. ترامب يشترط مشاركة المملكة بقوات برية ضد داعش لشراء النفط منها. 27 مارس . https://arabic.cnn.com/world/2016/03/27/donald-trump-demands-payments-saudi.
العربية cnn. 2022. البيت الأبيض: السعودية ستفتح مجالها الجوي للرحلات من وإلى إسرائيل . 15 تموز . https://arabic.cnn.com/middle-east/article/2022/07/15/saudi-arabia-opens-airspace-to-all-civilian-carriers-israe.
العزي, سلمان علي حسين. 2018. إسرائيل والتحولات السياسية في البلدان العربية منذ عام 2010. عمان: دار دجلة للنشر والتوزيع .
الكتبي, ابتسام. 2022. "دلالات الزخم الاستراتيجي الذي تكتسبه الاتفاقيات الإبراهيمية." 17 اب. https://epc.ae/ar/details/.
المركز العربي للأبحاث ودراسة السياسات. 2022. الرباعية الأميركية – الإسرائيلية – الهندية - الإماراتية: خلفيات التحالف وأهدافه. 19 يوليو . https://www.dohainstitute.org/.
المشاقبة , امين واخرون. 2021. صفقة القرن – المضمون، الخيارات التحديات والآفاق. عمان: مركز دراسات الشرق الأوسط.
المنشاوي, محمد. 2020. ترامب أولًا: كيف يغيِّر الرئيس أمريكا والعالم؟ القاهرة: دار الشروق.
حسن منيمنة. 2022. صفقة القرن تتضمن توطين اللاجئين الفلسطينيين في الدول المضيفة. 22 ايلول. https://prc.org.uk/ar/news/1183.
رشيد، فايز. 2022. تراجع الاهتمام بالقضية الفلسطينية. 22 اب . https://www.alkhaleej.ae/.
صالح, محسن محمد. 2016. التقرير الاستراتيجي الفلسطيني 2014-2015. بيروت: مركز زيتونة للدراسات والاستشارات.
—. 2022. دراسات في التطبيع مع الكيان الصهيوني. بيروت: مركز الزيتونة للدراسات والاستشارات.
عبدالزهرة , علي سعدي ; مظفر , جبير طلال ; خضير , غازي رعد ;. 2020. "إسرائيل وعملية التطبيع مع دول الخليج (الامارات- البحرين- عمان نموذجا)." المجلة العراقية للعلوم السياسية (الجمعية العراقية للعلوم السياسية) (العدد 3): ص104.
عطوان, خضر عباس; مجيد, مصطفى فاروق ;. 2021. "الازمة في العلاقات الامريكية الايرانية في عهد الرئيس دونالد ترامب: الاسباب والمضمون." المجلة العراقية للعلوم السياسية ( الجمعية العراقية للعلوم السياسية ) (العدد 4): ص125.
علي, عبد الرحمن حسين; , حميد فجر ذبان. 2022. "واقع العلاقات الخليجية – الاسرائيلية في ظل الاتفاقيات الابراهيمية." مجلة جامعة الانبار للعلوم القانونية والسياسية (جامعة الانبار) المجلد 12 ( العدد 2): ص496-497.
عوض, محسن و سالم, ممدوح . 2007 . مقاومة التطبيع: ثلاثون عاما من المواجه . بيروت : مركز دراسات الوحدة العربية.
قرقر, مجدي. 2015. بين التطبيع الرسمي.. والرفض الشعبي مع إسرائيل. الرياض: مكتبة جزيرة الورد.
محمود, ضمير عبدالرزاق. 2019. "الرؤية الأمريكية حيال تسوية الصراع العربي (الإسرائيلي) في عهد إدارة الرئيس ترامب." مجلة تكريت للعلوم السياسية (جامعة تكريت) (العدد 16): ص157.
مركز الجزيرة,. 2017. "خلفيات اعتراف ترامب بالقدس عاصمة لإسرائيل وتداعياته." تقرير، الدوحة، ص3.
نهاري, عيسى. 2022. لماذا فشل بايدن في تحويل السعودية إلى "دولة منبوذة"؟ 17 اب. https://www.independentarabia.com/node/289246.
المصادر باللغة الانكليزية :
)cnn) Arabic . 2022. "A Middle Eastern NATO.between what Israel wants and the prevailing mood in the Gulf states towards Iran. Report, Abu Dhabi: Middle East Postal fromCNN".https://arabic.cnn.com/middle-east/article/2022/07/18/biden-saudi-iran-mime.
Abu Al-Qaraya, Bashir Saeed. 2014. “Gulf Cooperation Council Attitudes Towards the Palestinian Issue.” Views on the Gulf Journal (Gulf Research Center) (Issue 172): p.58.
Numbers. 2022. "The United States reveals the size of Saudi Arabia's holdings of treasury bonds for the first time". July 11th. https://www.argaam.com/ar/article/articledetail/id/426837.
Atlas. 2022. "Biden's visit: the absence of Palestine and the promotion of Israel's integration into the region. Report, Atlas Center for Israel Studies". https://atls.ps/post/18319?
Al-Amin, Mustafa Othman. 2021. “Transformations in Arab-Israeli Relations 2002-2021.” Middle Eastern Studies Journal (Center for Middle Eastern Studies) (Issue 97): p. 41.
UNRWA. 2022." Population in Palestine. Repor"t, July 15th.
Al-Jabali, Omar. 2021. "Moroccan-Israeli Normalization 2020". Volume No. 95. Amman: Center for Middle East Studies.
Al-Jubouri, Muhammad Ahmad Khalaf. 2020. mawqif alwilayat almutahidat al'amrikiat min alainqisam alfilastinii watathiruh ealaa alqadiat alfilastinia [The position of the United States of America on the Palestinian division and its impact on the Palestinian cause]. Amman: Dar Ghaida for printing, publishing and distribution.
Al-Rumaihi, Muhammad. 2019. "Four dangers surround the Gulf states and a structural change in the American position based on two bases." Views on the Gulf Journal (Gulf Center for Research), pg. 62.
Al-Arabiya (CNN). 2016. "After asking Saudi Arabia to "pay defense fees" to America... Trump stipulates that the Kingdom should participate in ground forces against ISIS to buy oil from it". March 27th. https://arabic.cnn.com/world/2016/03/27/donald-trump-demands-payments-saudi.
Arabic CNN. 2022. "The White House: Saudi Arabia will open its airspace for flights to and from Israel". July 15th. https://arabic.cnn.com/middle-east/article/2022/07/15/saudi-arabia-opens-airspace-to-all-civilian-carriers-israe .
Al-Ezzi, Salman Ali Hussain. 2018. iisrayiyl waltahawulat alsiyasiat fi albuldan alearabiat mundh eam 2010 [Israel and Political Transformations in the Arab Countries Since 2010]. Amman: Dar Dijla for Publishing and Distribution.
Al Ketbi, Ibtisam. 2022. “Indications of the Strategic Momentum Gained by the Abraham Accords.” 17 Aug. https://epc.ae/ar/details/.
The Arab Center for Research and Policy Studies. 2022. "The American-Israeli-Indian-Emirati Quartet: The Alliance’s Backgrounds and Objectives". July 19. https://www.dohainstitute.org /.
Al-Mashaqabeh, Amin et al. 2021. safqat alqarn - almadmunu, alkhiarat altahadiyat walafaq [Deal of the Century - Content, Options, Challenges and Prospects]. Amman: Center for Middle Eastern Studies.
Al-Minshawi, Muhammad. 2020. tramb awlan: kayf yghyir alrayiys 'amrika walealamu? [Trump first: How is the president changing America and the world?]. Cairo: Dar Al-Shorouk.
Hassan Mneimneh. 2022. "The deal of the century includes the settlement of Palestinian refugees in host countries". September 22. https://prc.org.uk/ar/news/1183.
Rashid, Fayez. 2022. "Declining interest in the Palestinian cause". August 22 https://www.alkhaleej.ae/.
Saleh, Mohsen Muhammad. 2016. altaqrir aliastiratijiu alfilastiniu 2014-2015 [The Palestinian Strategic Report 2014-2015]. Beirut: Zaitouneh Center for Studies and Consultations.
—. 2022. Studies in Normalization with the Zionist Entity. Beirut: Al-Zaytouna Center for Studies and Consultations.
Abdel-Zahra, Ali Saadi; Muzaffar, Jubair Talal; Khudair, Ghazi Raad. 2020. “Israel and the process of normalization with the Gulf states (UAE-Bahrain-Oman as a model).” The Iraqi Journal of Political Science (Iraqi Society for Political Science) (Issue 3): p. 104.
Atwan, Khader Abbas; Majeed, Mostafa Farouk; 2021. “The Crisis in US-Iranian Relations Under President Donald Trump: Causes and Content.” The Iraqi Journal of Political Science (Iraqi Society for Political Science) (Issue 4): p.125.
Ali, Abdul Rahman Hussein; , Hamid Fajr Thaban. 2022. “The Reality of Gulf-Israeli Relations in Light of the Abrahamic Accords.” Anbar University Journal of Legal and Political Sciences (University of Anbar) Volume 12 (No. 2): pp. 496-497.
Awad, Mohsen and Salem, Mamdouh. 2007. muqawamat altatbiei: thalathwun eaman min almuajih [Resistance to Normalization: Thirty Years of Confrontation]. Beirut: Center for Arab Unity Studies.
Karkar, Majdi. 2015. Between official normalization and popular rejection with Israel. Riyadh: Island of Roses Library.
Mahmoud, Dameer Abdel-Razzaq. 2019. “The American Vision for the Settlement of the Arab (Israeli) Conflict in the Trump Administration.” Tikrit Journal of Political Science (University of Tikrit) (Issue 16): p.157. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25130/poltic.v0i16.144
Al Jazeera Center, 2017. “The Background and Implications for Trump’s Recognition of Jerusalem as the Capital of Israel.” Report, Doha, p. 3.
Nahari, Isa. 2022. Why did Biden fail to turn Saudi Arabia into a "pariah state"? 17 Aug. https://www.independentarabia.com/node/289246.
Alghannam, Hesham ; Yaghi, Mohammad. 2022. - , Biden’s Trip to Saudi Arabia: Successes and Failures. arnegie Endowment for International Peace. August 11. https://carnegieendowment.org/sada/87662.
Chollet, Derek ; Laipson, Ellen ; Doran, Michael ; Mandelbaum, Michael ;. 2022. Does the Middle East Still Matter? The Obama Doctrine and U.S. Policy. April. https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/does-middle-east-still-matter-obama-doctrine-and-us-policy.
Chtatou, Mohamed. 2022. "The Middle East NATO: From Fiction to Fac." The Washington Institute. Sep. https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/middle-east-nato-fiction-fact.
Additional Files
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Journal Policies
All articles published in the International and Political Journal are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. This means that the Authors can:
The journal allows reuse and remixing of content in accordance with a Creative Commons license.
Copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format.
Policy of publishing in The International and Political Journal
The journal is committed to the ethics of scientific publishing, and according to the publication ethics report of the journal.
The decision to publish is based on the value of the scientific research, to what extent it meets the conditions of publication approved, the declared policy of the journal, and its specialty.
It is based on the principles of the scientific honesty, and originality of research submitted for publication. It deals with the names of reviewers and their reports with great confidentiality.
The opinions published in the journal reflect the views of the authors, and not necessarily reflect the opinion of the editorial board.
The journal does not adhere to the publication of whatever comes to it. The time and place of publication are subject to technical considerations adopted in the editorial plan of the journal.
The journal does not abide to return the research papers to their owners whether accepted for publication or not.
The researcher is to be provided with the acceptance of publication within about 24 WEEKS. As for publication, the editorial board reserves its right in priority of publishing. The arrangement of the research papers in the same issue is subject to technical standards.
Diversify of publishing papers from solid universities and scientific centers from inside and outside Iraq is preferable.
The journal maintains hard copies and electronic archive of the published issues in addition to the publication of the research papers.
The journal also publishes the issues electronically through the website of the journal, and the official website of the Iraqi academic journals, and makes it possible to download. Thus, documenting the intellectual property of the research papers and publishing them internationally is achieved.
Terms of publication may be modified when necessary with no previous notice.
The researcher obtains a copy of his research paper. If he wishes to buy acopy of the journal, the volume costs ID 10000 from inside Iraq and $8from the outside.
The Editorial Board considers that the researcher who submits his research paper for publication in the journal has already read the terms and conditions of publication and agreed on them.
The journal publishes the research papers of the postgraduate students in special issues for this purpose.
Stages of editing and publishing:
The researcher undertakes that his research has never been published before, and has not been submitted for publication to other sides until the end of the evaluation procedures and the acceptance of publication in the journal.
The research papers submitted for publication are to subjected for preliminary examination by the editorial board to determine their suitability for the journal specialization, its policy and the safety of scientific research procedures, and then to indicate its eligibility for scientific evaluation. The editorial board may apologize for accepting the research all together or require the researcher to amend it in accordance with the journal policy before sending it to editors.
After conducting the scientific evaluation, the research paper returns back to the researcher to make the required amendments within a maximum of two weeks.
A copy of the final research paper is to be submitted to the secretariat of the journal a hard copy and a soft copy on a CD, in both Word and PDF format. The researcher is fully responsible for the typing and linguistic mistakes after submitting the full research paper on a CD.
Plagiarism checker
All research papers are subjected to Turnitin program to uncover plagiarism before being sent to scientific evaluation. The researcher undertakes a written pledge to take the legal and moral responsibility, in the event of the emergence of plagiarism or taking from the efforts of other researchers, without a reference to them. The journal uses appropriate anti-plagiarism software, such as Turnitin to check for plagiarism.
Dealing with Allegations of Research Misconduct
The Journal shall take reasonable and serious steps to identify and prevent the publication of papers where research misconduct has occurred, including plagiarism, citation manipulation, and data falsification/fabrication.
Scientific Evaluation:
Scientific evaluation strengthens the research paper submitted to the journal and helps to take the appropriate decision by the editorial board to publish it. It also benefits the researchers to improve and correct their research papers.
The research paper is sent to three evaluators in the same specialty to evaluate
