The Holy See and its role in the international system A study in the soft power of the religious actor in international relations
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31272/ipj.i56.247Keywords:
Holy See, Soft Power, Religious Actor, International SystemAbstract
The study analyzes the role of the Holy See in the international system, by analyzing the soft power of the religious actor in international relations, and the unconventional nature of the diplomacy of the Holy See based on the intertwining of the religious and the political.
The study reviews the most prominent examples of the role of the Holy See in international crises, since the adoption of the policy of external openness to all world powers after the Second Vatican Council (1962-1965), and the attempt to reduce historical differences with some countries such as China and the Soviet Union, and move away from Western and American preferences with regard to Russia, and the use of the Holy See’s privileged position in the United Nations to influence a wide range of global issues, His mediation of conflict between a variety of nations reveals impressive possibilities for the use of faith-based diplomacy.
References
- كمبي ، جان . 2003 . دليل الى قراءة تاريخ الكنيسة . لبنان : دار المشرق.
- ناي ، جوزيف . 2007 . القوة الناعمة في السياسة الدولية . السعودية : دار العبيكان .
- دايموند ، لويس ، و جون ماكدونالد . 2017 . الدبلوماسية متععدة المسارات :منهج منظوماتي للسلام . سوريا : دار الفرقد .
- بولص ، يوحنا . 2005 . ذاكرة وهوية : تأملات شخصية لقداسة البابا يوحنا بولس الثاني . ترجمة : ابراهيم سروج . لبنان : مكتبة السائح .
- فيشر ، هاينيز يواكيم . 2010 . بين مكة و روما : البابوات والاسلام . ترجمة : سامي ابو يحيى وفؤاد اسماعيل . الامارات : هيئة ابو ظبي للثقافة والتراث.
المصادر باللغة الانكليزية :
- Kimby, Jan . 2003 . dalel ela qeraa tarekh alkanesa. [ A guide to reading church history]. lebonan : almashreq .
- Nye, Joseph . 2007.alqua alnaema fe alseasa aldowela. [ Soft power in international politics ]. Saudi : alepkan.
- Diamond, louis .2017. aldoplomisea motadet almasarat manhag monthomate lealsala.,[The diplomacy in international policy Multi-track curriculum], Syria : alfarqed.
- Polis,Yohana. 2005 . thakera wa haweaa tamolat fe alshaksea le qadast albaba yohna plis althane,[memory and identity : Personal reflections of His Holiness the Pope], lebonan : al saah libery .
- Fisher, Hienez Yokhiem . 2010. Ben mekka wa roma :albaboat wa alislam,[between mecca and rome], U.A.E : Abu Dhabi Authority for Culture and Heritage.
- Barbato, Mariano . 2013 . " a state ,a diplomat and a Translation church of the Holy see" sage publications LTD . Vol 21. NO2.
- Pollard , John . 2014. The Papacy in the age of Totalitarianism 1914-1958.U.S.A : Oxford press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199208562.001.0001
- Araujo , Robert John, and A.Lucal . 2004. Papal Diplomacy and the Quest for Peace:The Vatican and International Organizations from the Early Years to the League of Nations. Sapientia press.
- Araujo, Robert John . 2001." The International Personality and Sovereignty of the Holy See". Catholic University Law Review journal .
- Beal. P John , and James A. Coriden . 2000 . New Commentary on the Code of Canon Law. Mahwah, NJ: Paulist Press.
- O Brien , Albert C , and Benito Mussolini . 1981 . " Catholic Youth, and the Origins of the Lateran Treaties" . Journal of Church and State. Vol 23 . DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jcs/23.1.117
- Araujo , Robert John . 2001 . The International Personality and Sovereignty.
- Tauran , Jean Louis . 2002 . The Holy See's Presence in International Organizations. Italy . Catholic University of the Sacred Heart press.
- The Holy See at the United Nations:An Obstacle to Women’s Reproductive Health and Rights . 2000 . The Observatory on the Universality of Rights press.
- Goldstein , Jack . 2018 . 101 Amazing Facts about the Vatican City . U.K . Andrews UK Limited press .
- Deutsche Welle. 2014 . " Europe's Microstates" . https://www.dw.com/en/europes-micro-states-04-san-marino/video-17804426
- La Stampa . 2017 . " The Vatican is like us Americans. A global power able to influence the world" . https://goo.gl/B8aC3A
- Vatican Diplomacy . 2010 . https://diplomatmagazine.com/vatican-diplomacy/ .
- Vukicevic, Boris . 2015 . Pope Francis and the challenges of inter-civilization diplomacy. Brazil : Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional press.
- May , Samnatha , and Erin K. Wilson . 2014 . " The Religious as Political and the Political as Religious: Globalisation, Post-Secularism and the Shifting Boundaries of the Sacred" . Politics, Religion & Ideology Journal. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21567689.2014.948526
- Troy , Jodok . 2018 . " Holy See diplomacy as a hybrid mode of diplomatic agency" . DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3037697
The British Journal of Politics and International Relations. Vol 20 .
- Troy, Jodok . 2008 . " Faith-Based Diplomacy under Examination" . The Hague Journal of Diplomacy. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/187119108X378088
- Vatican diplomacy by the numbers . 2022 . https://aleteia.org/2022/01/10/vatican-diplomacy-by-the-numbers-5-key-stats/ .
- Weigel , George . 2005 . Witness to Hope: The Biography of Pope John Paul II . U.S.A : New York: Harper Perennial press.
- Nye , Joseph . 2004. The Rising Power of NGO's.
- Rooney , Francis . 2013 . The Diplomacy of the Holy See in the Modern Era .
- Tauran , Cardinal Jean-Louis . On the Theme ‘the Presence of the Holy See in the International Organizations . Italy : the Catholic University of the Sacred Heart press.
- Byrnes, Timothy . 2001 . Transnational Catholicism in Post-Communist Europe .
Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
- Byrnes , Timothy . 2017 . "Sovereignty, supranationalism, and soft power: The Holy See in international relations". The Review of Faith & International Affairs . Vol 15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2017.1392140
- Chong , Alan . 2010 . " Small state soft power strategies: virtual enlargement in the cases of the Vatican City State and Singapore" . Cambridge Review of International Affairs journal . Vol 58. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09557571.2010.484048
- Vukicevic , B . 2015 . "Pope Francis and the Challenges of Inter-Civilization Diplomacy" . Revista Brasileira de Politica Internacional . Vol 58. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7329201500204
- Treaty Between the Holy See and the Kingdom of Italy, Lateran, 1929.
- Hall, R.B . 1997 . " Moral Authority as a Power Resource " . International Organization journal . Vol 51. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1162/002081897550465
- Francois , G. Berlat . 2014 . un Pape diplomate : le Passé recompose . http://www.association-des-internationalistes.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Bulle.pdf .
- Joubert, Bruno . 2017 . " Holy See Diplomacy " . Pouvris Journal. Vol 162.
- Mcfarlane , Amanda . 2016 . " The Holy See's Diplomacy: An Analysis of Papal Mediation in the Middle East" . Florida Journal of International Law . Vol 28 .
- Byrnes , Timothy . 2019 . The Enduring Power of the Papacy: Pope Francis and International Relations . U.S.A : Washington Berkley center for religion .
- Paul , John pope . 1995 . Address of His Holiness John Paul II to the Fiftieth General Assembly of the United Nations Organization. New York.
- Vukicevic , Boris . 2018 . " Address of His Holiness John Paul II to the Fiftieth General Assembly of the United Nations Organization" . The Turkish Yearbook of International Relations journal . Vol 49.
- Zhang, Juyan . 2019 . the Vatican and Strategic Competition Between the United States and China .https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/responses/the-vatican-and-strategic-competition-between-the-united-states-and-china .
- Gayte , Maire . 1997 . Revisiting the “Holy Alliance” between the United States and the Vatican .
- Abdullah , Yasmine . 1996 . "The Holy See at United Nations Conferences: State or Church". Columbia Law Review . DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1123295
- Martino , Reanato Cardinal . " The Church and International Order " . Ave Maria Law Review journal . Vol 2 .
- Dwight , E . “Dissecting a Miracle: Pope Francis the Peacemaker”. Harvard International Review. Vol 36.
- Bateman , Araon . 2019 . The Vatican’s Nuclear Diplomacy from the Cold War to the Present, War on the Rocks.
- Belouezzane, Sarah . 2022 . Papal diplomacy at the core of Pope Francis' visit to Bahrain.
Additional Files
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Journal Policies
All articles published in the International and Political Journal are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. This means that the Authors can:
The journal allows reuse and remixing of content in accordance with a Creative Commons license.
Copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format.
Policy of publishing in The International and Political Journal
The journal is committed to the ethics of scientific publishing, and according to the publication ethics report of the journal.
The decision to publish is based on the value of the scientific research, to what extent it meets the conditions of publication approved, the declared policy of the journal, and its specialty.
It is based on the principles of the scientific honesty, and originality of research submitted for publication. It deals with the names of reviewers and their reports with great confidentiality.
The opinions published in the journal reflect the views of the authors, and not necessarily reflect the opinion of the editorial board.
The journal does not adhere to the publication of whatever comes to it. The time and place of publication are subject to technical considerations adopted in the editorial plan of the journal.
The journal does not abide to return the research papers to their owners whether accepted for publication or not.
The researcher is to be provided with the acceptance of publication within about 24 WEEKS. As for publication, the editorial board reserves its right in priority of publishing. The arrangement of the research papers in the same issue is subject to technical standards.
Diversify of publishing papers from solid universities and scientific centers from inside and outside Iraq is preferable.
The journal maintains hard copies and electronic archive of the published issues in addition to the publication of the research papers.
The journal also publishes the issues electronically through the website of the journal, and the official website of the Iraqi academic journals, and makes it possible to download. Thus, documenting the intellectual property of the research papers and publishing them internationally is achieved.
Terms of publication may be modified when necessary with no previous notice.
The researcher obtains a copy of his research paper. If he wishes to buy acopy of the journal, the volume costs ID 10000 from inside Iraq and $8from the outside.
The Editorial Board considers that the researcher who submits his research paper for publication in the journal has already read the terms and conditions of publication and agreed on them.
The journal publishes the research papers of the postgraduate students in special issues for this purpose.
Stages of editing and publishing:
The researcher undertakes that his research has never been published before, and has not been submitted for publication to other sides until the end of the evaluation procedures and the acceptance of publication in the journal.
The research papers submitted for publication are to subjected for preliminary examination by the editorial board to determine their suitability for the journal specialization, its policy and the safety of scientific research procedures, and then to indicate its eligibility for scientific evaluation. The editorial board may apologize for accepting the research all together or require the researcher to amend it in accordance with the journal policy before sending it to editors.
After conducting the scientific evaluation, the research paper returns back to the researcher to make the required amendments within a maximum of two weeks.
A copy of the final research paper is to be submitted to the secretariat of the journal a hard copy and a soft copy on a CD, in both Word and PDF format. The researcher is fully responsible for the typing and linguistic mistakes after submitting the full research paper on a CD.
Plagiarism checker
All research papers are subjected to Turnitin program to uncover plagiarism before being sent to scientific evaluation. The researcher undertakes a written pledge to take the legal and moral responsibility, in the event of the emergence of plagiarism or taking from the efforts of other researchers, without a reference to them. The journal uses appropriate anti-plagiarism software, such as Turnitin to check for plagiarism.
Dealing with Allegations of Research Misconduct
The Journal shall take reasonable and serious steps to identify and prevent the publication of papers where research misconduct has occurred, including plagiarism, citation manipulation, and data falsification/fabrication.
Scientific Evaluation:
Scientific evaluation strengthens the research paper submitted to the journal and helps to take the appropriate decision by the editorial board to publish it. It also benefits the researchers to improve and correct their research papers.
The research paper is sent to three evaluators in the same specialty to evaluate