The Moorish Minority: Their Tragedy and Social Life after the End of Islamic Rule in Andalusia in 1429 AD
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31272/ipj.i55.186Keywords:
Andalusia, Moriscos, Granada, Spaniards, Inquisition courtsAbstract
The Morisco era has been a civilized extension of Andalusia, but despite its importance, it did not receive attention until recent years. Therefor it is useful to deal with the plight of the Moriscos in Andalusia, where the majority of Andalusians live normally under the Treaty of the Handover of Granada. However, the position of the Catholic Church towards them was fanatical. Thus, the Spaniards viewed the Moriscos as a minority and a different group within Spanish society. That was due to the Islamic origin of this group and the Islamic way by which the live. For this reason, this ethnic group was marginalized within the society and then expelled due to the impossibility of coexistence with the Spaniards in one country.
References
المصادر باللغة العربية :
ابن الخطيب, لسان الدين محمد بن عبد الله . 1980. اللمحة البدرية في الدولة النصرية، ط3. بيروت: دار الاوقاف الجديدة.
اسماعيل السامعي. 2018. تاريخ الاندلس الاقتصادي والاجتماعي ، ط1. عمان: مركز الكتاب الاكاديمي.
التلمساني, شهاب الدين أحمد. 1939. أزهار الرياض في أخبار عياض، تحقيق، مصطفى السقا، ابراهيم الأبياري، عبد الحفيظ شلبي. القاهرة: مطبعة لجنة التأليف والترجمة والنشر.
الجارم, بك. 1944. قصة العرب في اسبانيا. مصر: مطبعة مصر.
الجوابره, فاطمة محمود. 2004. موسوعة الخلفاء، الفاطميون والعثمانيون، ط1، ج2. عمان: دار صفاء.
الذنون , عبدالحكيم. 1988. آفاق غرناطة، ط1. دمشق: دار المعرفة.
الرجيبي, نزيهه. 2004. "ابو قاسم، الهجرات الاندلسية واثرها على منطقتي تونس وليبيا." رسالة ماجستير غير منشوره، الزاوية، جامعة السابع من ابريل، ليبيا، ص19-20.
السامرائي, خليل إبراهيم ; طه , عبدالواحد ذنون ; مطلوب, ناطق صالح. 2008. تاريخ العرب وحضارتهم في الأندلس. بيروت: دار الكتاب الجديد المتحدة.
الصدفي, رزق الله منقريوس. 1907. تاريخ دول الاسلام ،ج3. مصر: مطبعة الهلال.
الطوخي, احمد محمد . 1997. مظاهر الحضارة في الاندلس في عصر بني الاحمر. الاسكندرية: مؤسسة شباب الجامعة.
المطوي, محمد العروسي. 1982. الحروب الصليبية في المشرق والمغرب. تونس: دار الغرب الإسلامي.
اورتيث، دومينغيث، فينسينت، برنارد. 2007. تاريخ الموريسكين (مأساة اقلية)، ترجمة: عبد العادل صالح، ط1،. القاهرة: المجلس الاعلى للثقافة.
ايبالثا, ميكيل دي. 2005. الموريسكيين في اسبانيا وفي المنفى ، ترجمة جمال عبد الرحمن ، ط1. القاهرة.
براتشينا ، دون باسكوال بورونات. 2012. الموريسكيون الأسبان ووقائع طردهم ، ترجمة : كنزة الغالي ، ط1 ، ج1،. بيروت: دار الكتب العلمية.
بروكلمان, كارل. 1981. تاريخ الشعوب الإسلامية، ترجمة: نبيه امين فارس، منير البعلبكي. بيروت: دار العلم للملايين.
بواس, روجر. 2011. طرد المسلمين من اسبانيا. 21 5. http;www.fustat.comli.histlandalus.html
بوفيل, هاليت. 1988. تجارة الذهب وسكان المغرب الكبير، ترجمة الهادي بو لقمه و محمد عزيز، ط2. بنغازي: منشورات جامعة قاريونس.
جلال, يحيى. 1999. تاريخ افريقيا الحديث والمعاصر. الاسكندرية: المكتبة الجامعي الحديث.
جيمس, مونرو،. 1991. سقوط غرناطة، ترجمة، محمد عبد الله الشرقاوي. بيروت: دار الجيل.
حتاملة, محمد عبدة. 1980. التنصير القسري لمسلمي الاندلس في عهد الملكين الكاثوليكيين. عمان: مكتبة عين الجامعة.
حتّي, فيليب ; جرجي , ادورد; , جبرائيل جبور;. 2007. تاريخ العرب، ط12. بيروت: دار الكشاف.
حجي , محمد. 1964. الزاوية الدلائية ودورها الديني والعلمي والسياسي. الرباط: المطبعه الوطنية.
حماده, محمد ماهر. 1988. دراسه وثيقيه للتاريخ الإسلامي، ط1. بيروت: مؤسسة الرساله.
حومد, اسعد. 1988. محنة العرب في الاندلس،ط2. بيروت: المؤسسة العربية .
راشد, زينب عصمت. 1986. تاريخ اوربا الحديث ،ج1. القاهرة: دار الفكر العربي.
رزوق, محمد. 1991. الأندلسيون وهجراتهم الى المغرب خلال القرنين 16و17م، ط3. افريقيا الوسطى: الدار البيضاء.
سيد, اشرف صالح محمد. 2009. اصول التاريخ الأوربي الحديث ،ط1. الكويت: دار ناشر.
طاهر, كاظم شمهود. 2010. الشيعة في الأندلس ، ط1. بغداد: دار الكتاب العربي.
ابن خلدون , عبد الرحمن بن محمد. 2005. مقدمة ابن خلدون، تصحيح وفهرسة ابو عبد الله المندوة، ط4. بيروت.
عبدالكريم, جمال. 2016. الموريسكيون تاريخهم وادابهم. القاهرة: مكتبة النهضة.
عنان, محمد عبد الله. 1997. نهاية الاندلس، ط1. القاهرة: الخانجي.
قطب, عمر بكر محمد. 2010. "الابعاد النفسيه للمحنه المورسكية." مجلة كان التاريخيه (مؤسسة كان للدراسات و الترجمة و النشر) (العدد التاسع،): ص16-17.
كارباخال. 1984. افريقيا، ترجمة: محمد حجي وآخرون، ج1. الرباط: مكتبة المعارف.
كارباخال , لويس ديل مارمول. 2012. وقائع ثورة الموريسكيين، ترجمه :وسام محمد جزر ،ط1 ج1. القاهرة: المركز القومي للترجمه .
مجهول. 2002. نبذة العصر في اخبار ملوك بني نصر، تحقيق، محمد رضوان الداية، ط2. بيروت: دار الفكر.
مظهر, علي. 1947. محاكم التفتيش في اسبانيا والبرتغال وغيرها. مصر: المكتبه العلميه.
مقديش, محمود. 1988. نزهة الانظار في عجائب التواريخ والاخبار، تحقيق، علي الزواري، محمد محفوظ، ط1 ج2،. بيروت: دار التراث الاسلامي.
نوار, عبد العزيز. 1997. ،التاريخ الأوربي الحديث . القاهرة : دار الفكر العربي.
هلايلي, حنفي. 2010. ابحاث ودراسات في التاريخ الاندلسي الموريسكي. الجزائر: دار الهدى.
هيبروسكوت, ويليام. 1962. تاريخ عهد فرديناند وإيزابيلا الكاثوليكية ، مختصر ومحرر بواسطة سي هارفي جافدينر . لندن.
المصادر باللغة الانكليزية :
Ibn al-Khatib, Lisan al-Din Muhammad bin Abdullah. 1980. allamhat albadariat fi aldawlat alnasriati [Al-Lama Al-Badriyya in the Nasrid State], 3rd Edition. Beirut: New Endowment House.
Ismail Al-Samei. 2018. tarikh alandls aliaqtisadii waliajtimaeii [Economic and Social History of Andalusia], 1st Edition. Amman: Academic Book Center.
Al-Tlemsani, Shihab Al-Din Ahmed. 1939. 'azhar alriyad fi 'akhbar eiad [Riyadh Flowers in Ayyad News], investigation, Mustafa Al-Sakka, Ibrahim Al-Abyari, Abdel Hafeez Shalaby. Cairo: Authorship, Translation and Publishing Committee Press.
Algarim, Bik. 1944. qisat alearab fi asbanya [The Story of the Arabs in Spain]. Egypt: Egypt Press.
Al-Jawabra, Fatima Mahmoud. 2004. mawsueat alkhulafa'i, alfatimiuwn waleuthmaniuwna [Encyclopedia of the Caliphs, Fatimids and Ottomans], 1st Edition, Part 2. Amman: Dar Safaa.
Al-Dhanoun, Abdul Hakim. 1988. Granada Horizons, 1st edition. Damascus: Dar al-Ma'rifah.
Rugby, honest. 2004. “Abu Kassem, Andalusian Migrations and Their Impact on the Regions of Tunisia and Libya.” Unpublished master's thesis, Al-Zawiya, Seventh of April University, Libya, pp. 19-20.
Al-Samarrai, Khalil Ibrahim; Taha, Abdul Wahid Dhanoun; Wanted, good speaker. 2008. tarikh alearab wahadaratuhum fi al'andils [Arab History and Civilization in Andalusia]. Beirut: United New Book House.
Al-Sadfi, Rizkallah Menkerios. 1907. History of the Islamic Countries, Part 3. Egypt: Al-Hilal Press.
Al-Toukhi, Ahmed Mohamed. 1997. Manifestations of Civilization in Andalusia in the Age of Bani Al-Ahmar. Alexandria: University Youth Foundation.
Al-Matawi, Muhammad Al-Arousi. 1982. The Crusades in the East and the West. Tunisia: Dar Al-Gharb Al-Islami.
Ortiz, Dominguez, Vincent, Bernard. 2007. The History of the Moriscos (The Tragedy of a Minority), translated by: Abd al-Adel Saleh, 1st Edition. Cairo: Supreme Council of Culture.
Ibaltha, Mikel D. 2005. almuriskiiyn fi asbania wafi almanfaa [The Moriscos in Spain and in Exile], Translated by Jamal Abdel Rahman, 1st edition. Cairo.
Bracina, Don Pasquale Boronat. 2012. The Spanish Moriscos and the facts of their expulsion, translated by: Kenza Al-Ghali, 1st Edition, Part 1,. Beirut: Scientific Books House.
Brockelmann, Carl. 1981. tarikh alshueub al'iislamiati [History of Islamic Peoples], translated by: Nabih Amin Fares, Mounir Al-Baalbaki. Beirut: House of Knowledge for Millions.
Boas, Roger. 2011. "Expulsion of Muslims from Spain". 21 5. http://www.fustat.comli.histlandalus.html
Bofill, Hallett. 1988. The gold trade and the inhabitants of the Maghreb, translated by Hedi Boulokma and Mohamed Aziz, 2nd edition. Benghazi: Garyounis University Publications.
Jalal, Yahya. 1999. tarikh afriqia alhadith walmueasiri [Modern and Contemporary History of Africa]. Alexandria: The Modern University Library.
James, Monroe. 1991. suqut gharnatat, tarjamata, muhamad eabd allah alsharqawi [The Fall of Granada, translated by Muhammad Abdullah Al-Sharqawi]. Beirut: Dar Al-Jeel.
Hatamleh, Muhammad Abduh. 1980. The forced Christianization of the Muslims of Andalusia during the reign of the two Catholic monarchs. Amman: Ain Al-Jamea Library.
Even, Philip; George, Edward; Gabriel Jabbour; 2007. tarikh alearbi, ta12 [History of the Arabs], 12th edition. Beirut: Dar Al-Kashf.
Hajji, Muhammad. 1964. The semantic angle and its religious, scientific, and political role. Rabat: The National Press.
Hamada, Muhammad Maher. 1988. A Documentary Study of Islamic History, 1st Edition. Beirut: Al Resala Foundation.
Houmed, Asaad. 1988. The Ordeal of the Arabs in Andalusia, 2nd Edition. Beirut: The Arab Foundation.
Rashid, Zainab Esmat. 1986. tarikh awrba alhadith [History of Modern Europe], Part 1. Cairo: Dar Al-Fikr Al-Arabi.
Razouk, Muhammad. 1991. Andalusians and their migrations to Morocco during the 16th and 17th centuries AD, 3rd Edition. Central Africa: Casablanca.
Syed, Ashraf Salih Muhammad. 2009. asul altaarikh al'uwrubiyi alhadith [The Origins of Modern European History], 1st Edition. Kuwait: Publisher.
Taher, Kazem Shamhoud. 2010. alshiyeat fi al'andalus [The Shiites in Andalusia], 1st edition. Baghdad: Arab Book House.
Ibn Khaldoun, Abdul Rahman bin Muhammad. 2005. Introduction by Ibn Khaldun, corrected and indexed by Abu Abdullah Al-Manduwa, 4th edition. Beirut.
Abdul Karim, Jamal. 2016. The Moriscos, almuriskiuwn tarikhuhum wadabuhum [Their History and Ethics]. Cairo: Al Nahda Library.
Annan, Muhammad Abdullah. 1997. nihayat alandilsi [The End of Andalusia], 1st edition. Cairo: Al-Khanji.
Qutb, Omar Bakr Muhammad. 2010. “Psychological Dimensions of the Moorish Ordeal.” Kan Historical Journal (Kan Institute for Studies, Translation and Publishing) (Ninth Issue): p.16-17.
Carvajal. 1984. Africa, translated by: Muhammad Hajji and others, Part 1. Rabat: Knowledge Library.
Carvajal, Luis del Marmol. 2012. Proceedings of the Morisco Revolution, translated by: Wissam Muhammad Jazar, 1st Edition, Part 1. Cairo: National Center for Translation.
Anonymous. 2002. Briefly about the era in the news of the kings of Bani Nasr, investigation, Muhammad Radwan Al-Daya, 2nd edition. Beirut: Dar Al-Fikr.
Mazhar, Ali. 1947. mahakim altaftish fi asbanya walburtughal waghayruha [The Inquisition in Spain, Portugal and others]. Egypt: Scientific Library.
Mogdish, Mahmoud. 1988. nuzhat alanzar fi eajayib altawarikh walakhibari, tahqiqu, eali alzzwari, muhamad mahfuza [Nuzhat Al-Anzar fi Wonders of History and News], investigation, Ali Al-Zawari, Muhammad Mahfouz, 1st edition, Part 2. Beirut: House of Islamic Heritage.
Nawar, Abdel Aziz. 1997. altaarikh al'uwrubiyi a hadith. alqahirat: dar alfikr alearabii [Modern European History]. Cairo: Dar Al-Fikr Al-Arabi.
Helaili, Hanafi. 2010. abhath wadirasat fi altaarikh alandilsii almuriski [Research and studies in Andalusian-Moorish history]. Algeria: Dar Al-Huda.
Hebruscot, William. 1962 tarikh eahd firdinand wa'iizabilaa alkathulikiat , mukhtasar wamuharir biwasitat si harfi jafdinar [ A History of the Reigns of Ferdinand and Isabella the Catholic, Abridged and Edited by C]. Harvey Gavdiner. London.
Additional Files
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Journal Policies
All articles published in the International and Political Journal are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. This means that the Authors can:
The journal allows reuse and remixing of content in accordance with a Creative Commons license.
Copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format.
Policy of publishing in The International and Political Journal
The journal is committed to the ethics of scientific publishing, and according to the publication ethics report of the journal.
The decision to publish is based on the value of the scientific research, to what extent it meets the conditions of publication approved, the declared policy of the journal, and its specialty.
It is based on the principles of the scientific honesty, and originality of research submitted for publication. It deals with the names of reviewers and their reports with great confidentiality.
The opinions published in the journal reflect the views of the authors, and not necessarily reflect the opinion of the editorial board.
The journal does not adhere to the publication of whatever comes to it. The time and place of publication are subject to technical considerations adopted in the editorial plan of the journal.
The journal does not abide to return the research papers to their owners whether accepted for publication or not.
The researcher is to be provided with the acceptance of publication within about 24 WEEKS. As for publication, the editorial board reserves its right in priority of publishing. The arrangement of the research papers in the same issue is subject to technical standards.
Diversify of publishing papers from solid universities and scientific centers from inside and outside Iraq is preferable.
The journal maintains hard copies and electronic archive of the published issues in addition to the publication of the research papers.
The journal also publishes the issues electronically through the website of the journal, and the official website of the Iraqi academic journals, and makes it possible to download. Thus, documenting the intellectual property of the research papers and publishing them internationally is achieved.
Terms of publication may be modified when necessary with no previous notice.
The researcher obtains a copy of his research paper. If he wishes to buy acopy of the journal, the volume costs ID 10000 from inside Iraq and $8from the outside.
The Editorial Board considers that the researcher who submits his research paper for publication in the journal has already read the terms and conditions of publication and agreed on them.
The journal publishes the research papers of the postgraduate students in special issues for this purpose.
Stages of editing and publishing:
The researcher undertakes that his research has never been published before, and has not been submitted for publication to other sides until the end of the evaluation procedures and the acceptance of publication in the journal.
The research papers submitted for publication are to subjected for preliminary examination by the editorial board to determine their suitability for the journal specialization, its policy and the safety of scientific research procedures, and then to indicate its eligibility for scientific evaluation. The editorial board may apologize for accepting the research all together or require the researcher to amend it in accordance with the journal policy before sending it to editors.
After conducting the scientific evaluation, the research paper returns back to the researcher to make the required amendments within a maximum of two weeks.
A copy of the final research paper is to be submitted to the secretariat of the journal a hard copy and a soft copy on a CD, in both Word and PDF format. The researcher is fully responsible for the typing and linguistic mistakes after submitting the full research paper on a CD.
Plagiarism checker
All research papers are subjected to Turnitin program to uncover plagiarism before being sent to scientific evaluation. The researcher undertakes a written pledge to take the legal and moral responsibility, in the event of the emergence of plagiarism or taking from the efforts of other researchers, without a reference to them. The journal uses appropriate anti-plagiarism software, such as Turnitin to check for plagiarism.
Dealing with Allegations of Research Misconduct
The Journal shall take reasonable and serious steps to identify and prevent the publication of papers where research misconduct has occurred, including plagiarism, citation manipulation, and data falsification/fabrication.
Scientific Evaluation:
Scientific evaluation strengthens the research paper submitted to the journal and helps to take the appropriate decision by the editorial board to publish it. It also benefits the researchers to improve and correct their research papers.
The research paper is sent to three evaluators in the same specialty to evaluate
